{"id":9575,"date":"2025-12-09T10:18:32","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T10:18:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/?p=9575"},"modified":"2025-12-23T09:10:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T09:10:19","slug":"historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9575\" class=\"elementor elementor-9575\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f4e55f7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f4e55f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db0bf77\" data-id=\"db0bf77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732ad6c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"732ad6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7da961cf elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"7da961cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41600a0b\" data-id=\"41600a0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e231394 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e231394\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-54d55a93 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"54d55a93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ddb962 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ddb962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2025<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-54b3435 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"54b3435\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21d3a41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21d3a41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b96d699 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b96d699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ANDREW MULOSI SIRENGO<\/p><p>MARGARET MATISI<\/p><p>RISPAH WEPUKHULU<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae643e5 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"2ae643e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9361ec0 elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9361ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irejournals.com\/formatedpaper\/1709428.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec19054 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec19054\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-852d3ba elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"852d3ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e943b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e943b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9194bf2 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9194bf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This study examined the historical development of secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya, focusing on pre-colonial to post-colonial transformation. Using qualitative research with Focus Group Discussions involving 54 participants across Trans Nzoia County, findings reveal that secularism has gradually infiltrated the Friends Church through modernization, globalization, and ideological exposure. Key manifestations include increased tolerance of secular ideas, worship style<br \/>shifts, and movement from communal to individualistic practices. Colonial influence, modern education, social media, and economic pressures emerged as primary drivers. The church faces declining attendance, moral drift, and reduced social authority. While responding through strengthened teachings and youth engagement, effectiveness varies across congregations. Secularism represents both challenge and opportunity for theological renewal in post-colonial African Christianity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2025 Authors ANDREW MULOSI SIRENGO MARGARET MATISI RISPAH WEPUKHULU VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract This study examined the historical development of secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya, focusing on pre-colonial to post-colonial transformation. Using qualitative research with Focus Group Discussions involving 54 participants across Trans Nzoia County, findings reveal that secularism has gradually infiltrated [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis - School of Graduate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis - School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2025 Authors ANDREW MULOSI SIRENGO MARGARET MATISI RISPAH WEPUKHULU VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract This study examined the historical development of secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya, focusing on pre-colonial to post-colonial transformation. Using qualitative research with Focus Group Discussions involving 54 participants across Trans Nzoia County, findings reveal that secularism has gradually infiltrated [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-09T10:18:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-23T09:10:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kibabii\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kibabii\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"kibabii\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/#\/schema\/person\/3c7b50037f622e72b7023aafee6ed8f8\"},\"headline\":\"Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-09T10:18:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-23T09:10:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\"},\"wordCount\":141,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Publications\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/historical-development-of-secularism-in-the-friends-church-in-kenya-a-post-colonial-analysis\/\",\"name\":\"Historical Development of Secularism in the Friends Church in Kenya: A Post-Colonial Analysis - 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