{"id":7471,"date":"2025-11-21T07:10:17","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T07:10:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/?p=7471"},"modified":"2025-11-21T07:11:28","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T07:11:28","slug":"investigation-of-physical-and-radiative-properties-of-clouds-over-the-three-environmentally-distinct-regions-in-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/investigation-of-physical-and-radiative-properties-of-clouds-over-the-three-environmentally-distinct-regions-in-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"Investigation of Physical and Radiative Properties of Clouds Over the Three Environmentally Distinct Regions in Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7471\" class=\"elementor elementor-7471\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c8ba3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3c8ba3e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-595c68c7\" data-id=\"595c68c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-256f0037 elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"256f0037\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45805fc1\" data-id=\"45805fc1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e7ae1e4\" data-id=\"4e7ae1e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75c923c elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75c923c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-135eca2f\" data-id=\"135eca2f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-41876b46 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41876b46\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-39c27b19\" data-id=\"39c27b19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-699d90f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"699d90f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Student\u2019s Name: <br>\nSostine Nyukuri Makokha<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-72461f18\" data-id=\"72461f18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23455689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"23455689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supervisors:<br>\n1.\tProf. John W. Makokha<br>\n2.\tDr. Festus B. Kelonye\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3142158\" data-id=\"3142158\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-700d59a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"700d59a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Master of Science in Physics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ff0e66e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ff0e66e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3343726e\" data-id=\"3343726e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ef47cf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3ef47cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53074e70\" data-id=\"53074e70\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-419f304e elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"419f304e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-54b54d9a\" data-id=\"54b54d9a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41f2782e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41f2782e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ABSTRACT<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aac9bc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4aac9bc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Clouds form a very crucial component of the atmosphere and plays a pivotal role in regulating the Earth\u2019s energy budget. The knowledge on climate change and its effects lies in the assessment of the cloud properties and therefore it is important to study the properties of clouds. The study asesses the physical and radiative properties of clouds over three environmentally distinct regions in Kenya i.e\u00a0 (Nairobi 1\u00ba S, 36\u00ba E, Malindi 4\u00ba S, 40\u00ba E and Mbita 0\u00ba S, 34\u00ba E). The study used the terra satellite on board of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), The Tropical Rainfall Measurement Missiom (TRMM) and the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) model to investigate the spatial and temporal physical and radiatiative cloud properties over the study regions. The datasets were manipulated with the aid of Adobe Illustrator and Grid Analysis and Display System (GRADS) version 2.2.1.oga.1 for the cluod parameters. Research methods such as the Linear regression analysis, trend analysis and seasonal variability were used in order to generate the trends, significance of the trends and the spatial maps. Four seasons (DJF, MAM, JJA and SON) were considered with special focus on cloud parameters; COT, CF, CER, CTP, CTT, PR, CA and WV and PR based on 16 years period (from January 2005 to December 2020). The known cloud parameters were used to infer on the properties of clouds of the three regions. The above parameters were chosen since their variations indicates the general variations in both clouds physical and radiative properties. Spatial maps were drawn for all the seasons and comparisons done using the maps. Variations in trends in the cloud parameters per year (year<sup>-1<\/sup>) were observed ranging from negative trends to positive trends. Trends in CER were found as follows (Nairobi 0.04, 0, -0.04 and -0.01 for the four seasons respectively), Malindi (0.04, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.01\u00b5m) and lastly Mbita, (-0.06, -0.06, 0.04 and -0.05). For CTT, (Nairobi,-0.1, -0.2,-0.1 and -0.2, Malindi, 0.1, -0.2,0.1 and 0.05 and Mbita, 0.2, 0.2, -0.2 and 0.15 respectively for every season). Trends in CTP were observed to vary seasonally a follows (Nairobi -0.5, -1, 0.5 and -0.5, Malindi -0.5, -3, 1, and 0.5 and lastly Mbita 0.5, 0, -1 and -1 respecively). COT, (Nairobi, -0.05, -0.09, 0 and -0.05, Malindi,-0.05, -0.03, 0 and -0.05 and Mbita, -0.05, 0.03, -0.12 and -0.15 respectively). WV, (Nairobi -0.01, 0.01, 0 and 0, Malindi 0.005, 0.005, 0 and 0 and lastly for Mbita, 0.005, 0.015, 0 and 0.01 respectively for all the seasons). The trends in CF were also observed; Nairobi, 0.3, 0, -0.002 and 0, Malindi 0.3, 0.002, 0 and 0.001 and for Mbita, 0.3, 0.003, 0.001 and 0.001 for the SON season. Also, trends in PR were recorded as; (Mbita; 0.005,0.005.0 and 0.005), (Nairobi;-0.005,-0.1,0 and -0.005) and over (Malindi; -0.005,-0.1,-0.05 and -0.1). And lastly seasonal trends in Cloud Albedo (Mbita, 0.0015,-0.001,-0.001 and 0.0005), (Malindi;0.0045,-0.002,-0.004 and -0.003) and lastly Nairobi;0.003,-0.001,-0.003 and -0.001. It was evident that the spatial-temporal variability of the cloud parameters depicted variations in the cloud properties in the study domains. The findings of this study can be utilized by the government through the ministry of environment, ministry of information, communication and digital economy to regulate the anthropogenic emissions from industries, vehicles and biomass burning and reduce deforestation to strengthen emergency response to climate change.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71602689 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71602689\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-676b449e\" data-id=\"676b449e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Student\u2019s Name: Sostine Nyukuri Makokha Supervisors: 1. Prof. John W. Makokha 2. Dr. Festus B. Kelonye Master of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Clouds form a very crucial component of the atmosphere and plays a pivotal role in regulating the Earth\u2019s energy budget. The knowledge on climate change and its effects lies in the assessment of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Investigation of Physical and Radiative Properties of Clouds Over the Three Environmentally Distinct Regions in Kenya - School of Graduate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/investigation-of-physical-and-radiative-properties-of-clouds-over-the-three-environmentally-distinct-regions-in-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Investigation of Physical and Radiative Properties of Clouds Over the Three Environmentally Distinct Regions in Kenya - School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Student\u2019s Name: Sostine Nyukuri Makokha Supervisors: 1. 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Prof. John W. Makokha 2. Dr. Festus B. Kelonye Master of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Clouds form a very crucial component of the atmosphere and plays a pivotal role in regulating the Earth\u2019s energy budget. 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