{"id":7408,"date":"2025-11-21T06:45:43","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T06:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/?p=7408"},"modified":"2025-11-21T06:47:34","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T06:47:34","slug":"radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiological Assessment of Maize and Beans Locally Grown Within Bungoma County, Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7408\" class=\"elementor elementor-7408\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2538ed89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2538ed89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-515867a4\" data-id=\"515867a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5efe2fdd elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5efe2fdd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bce52f3\" data-id=\"1bce52f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-471a8e1e\" data-id=\"471a8e1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21b25886 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21b25886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b3ef59a\" data-id=\"2b3ef59a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5608e4cd elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5608e4cd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-22263223\" data-id=\"22263223\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ab863a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ab863a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Student\u2019s Name: <br>\nTsimbasi Stanley Chukutsira<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d64379b\" data-id=\"7d64379b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45f28051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45f28051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supervisors:<br>\n1.\tProf. John W Makokha<br>\n2.\tDr. Benjamin Okang\u2019 Odumo \n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e419ff6\" data-id=\"4e419ff6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e2421b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63e2421b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Masters of Science in Physics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b7f8103 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6b7f8103\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7545edf6\" data-id=\"7545edf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a2be09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"16a2be09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13310758\" data-id=\"13310758\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-126d21be elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"126d21be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-60081b27\" data-id=\"60081b27\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-136bb768 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"136bb768\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ABSTRACT<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-693eb0fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"693eb0fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cereals and pulses account for a significant portion, more than 34%, of the diet in most Kenyan households. According to estimates, food consumption accounts for at least one-eighth of the mean annual dose due to natural sources of radiation. Naturally occurring radionuclides mainly belonging to Potassium-40, Thorium-232 and Uranium- 238 chains and man-made radionuclides like Caesium-137 find their way into the food chain contributing to both internal radiation dose and environmental radioactivity. Since radioactive nuclides are naturally present in the environment, they may enter the human body primarily by ingesting food contaminated with radionuclides and\/or inhaling radioactive particles suspended in the air. Once ingested, radionuclides may accumulate in vital human organs posing a greater health risk due to continuous irradiation. Consumption of contaminated cereal and pulses by radionuclides can lead to severe health problems and adverse consequences. Therefore, it is of great importance to fully understand the risks posed due to intake of these cereals and pulses and determine the key elements that can have an impact these risks to develop prevention measures. This study investigated the presence of the radionuclides <sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th, and <sup>40<\/sup>K in maize (<em>Zea mays<\/em>) and beans (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris<\/em>) available in Bungoma County. From the study area, eighteen representative samples were gathered. The activity concentrations of <sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th, and <sup>40<\/sup>K were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry technique using a thallium activated Sodium Iodide NaI (TI) scintillation detector. Radiological parameters: Absorbed dose rates, radium equivalent, annual effective dose equivalent, external hazard index, and excessive lifetime cancer risk were determined and juxtaposed with the reference levels to establish the risk posed to consumers. The average activity concentration of <sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th, and <sup>40<\/sup>K in maize and beans were 20.90\u00b17.19 Bq\/kg, 54.00\u00b121.15 Bq\/kg, 161.00\u00b1 76.84 Bq\/kg, and 18.40\u00b1 4.03 Bq\/kg, 43.00\u00b1 15.51 Bq\/kg, 195.00\u00b1 132.48 Bq\/kg respectively. The mean absorbed dose rate for maize and beans were 49.00\u00b12.45 nGy.h<sup>-1<\/sup>and 43.00\u00b12.15 nGy.h<sup>-1<\/sup> respectively, this was significantly lesser than the admissible dose standard of 57 nGy.h<sup>-1<\/sup>. The average AEID for maize and beans was 1.312 mSvy<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and 0.263 mSvy<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, respectively. The average values of hazard indices for maize samples were; external hazard index 0.200\u00b1 0.081, internal hazard index 0.300\u00b10.081, gamma representative index 0.700\u00b10.206, Excessive Lifetime Cancer Risk 4.89\u00d710<sup>-8<\/sup>. For beans external hazard index 0.200\u00b1 0.079, internal hazard index 0.300\u00b10.082, gamma representative index 0.600\u00b10.224, and excessive lifetime cancer risk 1.00\u00d710<sup>-8<\/sup>. The hazard indices were below unity as recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), implying that ingestion of maize and beans possess minimum threat to consumers and general populace of Bungoma County. The outcomes of this study are significant in building a radiological reference for the cereals and pulses consumed by house-holds and create a sturdy foundation for the establishment of an informed health risk assessment concerning internal exposure to low-energy radiations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1655745f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1655745f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4aaf58c5\" data-id=\"4aaf58c5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Student\u2019s Name: Tsimbasi Stanley Chukutsira Supervisors: 1. Prof. John W Makokha 2. Dr. Benjamin Okang\u2019 Odumo Masters of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Cereals and pulses account for a significant portion, more than 34%, of the diet in most Kenyan households. According to estimates, food consumption accounts for at least one-eighth of the mean annual dose [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Radiological Assessment of Maize and Beans Locally Grown Within Bungoma County, Kenya - School of Graduate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Radiological Assessment of Maize and Beans Locally Grown Within Bungoma County, Kenya - School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Student\u2019s Name: Tsimbasi Stanley Chukutsira Supervisors: 1. 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Prof. John W Makokha 2. Dr. Benjamin Okang\u2019 Odumo Masters of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Cereals and pulses account for a significant portion, more than 34%, of the diet in most Kenyan households. According to estimates, food consumption accounts for at least one-eighth of the mean annual dose [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/","og_site_name":"School of Graduate Studies","article_published_time":"2025-11-21T06:45:43+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-11-21T06:47:34+00:00","author":"kibabii","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"kibabii","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/"},"author":{"name":"kibabii","@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/#\/schema\/person\/3c7b50037f622e72b7023aafee6ed8f8"},"headline":"Radiological Assessment of Maize and Beans Locally Grown Within Bungoma County, Kenya","datePublished":"2025-11-21T06:45:43+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-21T06:47:34+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/"},"wordCount":478,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Theses"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/","url":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-maize-and-beans-locally-grown-within-bungoma-county-kenya\/","name":"Radiological Assessment of Maize and Beans Locally Grown Within Bungoma County, Kenya - 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