{"id":6640,"date":"2025-10-21T06:23:47","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:23:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sgs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=6640"},"modified":"2025-11-21T04:44:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T04:44:47","slug":"a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazard-in-selected-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazard-in-selected-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"A Comparative Study Of Natural Radioactivity And Associated Radiological Hazard In Selected Sanitary Ware Products Sold In Kenya."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6640\" class=\"elementor elementor-6640\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64fa0ef4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64fa0ef4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-280b319e\" data-id=\"280b319e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51b4cec6 elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51b4cec6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50e0002\" data-id=\"50e0002\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4eab0f8a\" data-id=\"4eab0f8a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-340c8c5a elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"340c8c5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f169520\" data-id=\"3f169520\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-41ba39b8 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41ba39b8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a7595ab\" data-id=\"6a7595ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78e8c6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78e8c6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Student\u2019s Name: <br>\nNATANG\u2019AH EDWIN CHEMOS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f364655\" data-id=\"4f364655\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f329bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f329bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supervisors:<br>\n1. DR. MICHAEL NAKITARE WASWA<br>\n2. DR. PETER KHAKINA NYONGESA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c523f60\" data-id=\"6c523f60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a424429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a424429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Master of Science in Physics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-535ee8b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"535ee8b8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-629b437b\" data-id=\"629b437b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b18e575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4b18e575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c7452f5\" data-id=\"1c7452f5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-73977183 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73977183\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a2edfa6\" data-id=\"5a2edfa6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56c32a37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56c32a37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ABSTRACT<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75f0a30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75f0a30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Natural radioisotopes are present in all sanitary ware products used in building and construction. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. Determining the radiation levels of sanitary wares in terms of production materials (ceramic and porcelain) and countries of importation of these items used in buildings is crucial. In this study, Thallium doped sodium iodide detector NaI(Ti) was used to obtain levels (<sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th, and <sup>40<\/sup>K) in twenty sanitary ware products. For the studied samples, the activity concentrations for India were 17.75\u00b10.91, 59.83\u00b12.99 and 280.25\u00b114.03, China were 14.75\u00b10.76, 72.95\u00b13.65 and 384.3\u00b119.23 and for Uganda it was 26\u00b11.31, 136\u00b16.81 and 552\u00b127.65 (Bq\/kg) for <sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th and <sup>40<\/sup>K respectively. The mean concentration based on production material for ceramics was 24.75\u00b11.2425 (Bq\/Kg), 66.4\u00b13.3175 (Bq\/Kg) and 444.5\u00b122.235 (Bq\/Kg) while for porcelain it was 14\u00b10.72 (Bq\/Kg), 83.175\u00b14.16 (Bq\/Kg) and 401.5\u00b120.135 (Bq\/Kg) for <sup>226<\/sup>Ra, <sup>232<\/sup>Th and <sup>40<\/sup>K respectively. With the exception of the average of <sup>232<\/sup>Th concentration of both countries (India, China and Uganda) and production materials (ceramic and porcelain) that were slightly above the permissible limit of 50 (Bq\/kg), the values of\u00a0\u00a0 <sup>226<\/sup>Ra and <sup>40<\/sup>K were lower than the global average values of (50, and 500 Bq\/kg). The values of <sup>40<\/sup>K for Ugandan\u00a0\u00a0 samples were slightly higher than GAV. The average of radiological parameters (Ra<sub>eq<\/sub>, l?, H<sub>ex<\/sub>, H <sub>in<\/sub>, ADR, AEDE <sub>in<\/sub>, AEDE <sub>out <\/sub>and ELCR) for three importation countries had all values lower than world limits except for ELCR that was slightly above the global average. The parameters for production materials (Ra<sub>eq<\/sub>, l?, H<sub>ex<\/sub>, H <sub>in<\/sub>, D, AEDE<sub>in<\/sub>, AEDE<sub>out <\/sub>and ELCR) were all below the permissible limits for porcelain and ceramic except for ELCR in both production materials that had a slight high values. All the indices were obtained and compared to the prescribed limits set by commissions (the WHO, ICRP, UNSCEAR, and EC) to ensure the safe use of the sanitary wares. The assessed indices and parameters fall within the recommended values and safety limits except for ELCR that had slightly high values. From obtained results, the samples from both production materials (ceramic and porcelain) and importation countries (India, China and Uganda) pose no risk from using the sanitary wares under investigation in residential facilities but the manufacturers of the products should lower the levels of <sup>232<\/sup>Th.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-499fe3f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"499fe3f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16e4ab4f\" data-id=\"16e4ab4f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Student\u2019s Name: NATANG\u2019AH EDWIN CHEMOS Supervisors: 1. DR. MICHAEL NAKITARE WASWA 2. DR. PETER KHAKINA NYONGESA Master of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Natural radioisotopes are present in all sanitary ware products used in building and construction. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. Determining [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Comparative Study Of Natural Radioactivity And Associated Radiological Hazard In Selected Sanitary Ware Products Sold In Kenya. - School of Graduate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazard-in-selected-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Comparative Study Of Natural Radioactivity And Associated Radiological Hazard In Selected Sanitary Ware Products Sold In Kenya. - School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Student\u2019s Name: NATANG\u2019AH EDWIN CHEMOS Supervisors: 1. 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DR. MICHAEL NAKITARE WASWA 2. DR. PETER KHAKINA NYONGESA Master of Science in Physics ABSTRACT Natural radioisotopes are present in all sanitary ware products used in building and construction. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. 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