{"id":3822,"date":"2023-12-05T06:33:58","date_gmt":"2023-12-05T06:33:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sgs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=3822"},"modified":"2025-11-21T04:57:49","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T04:57:49","slug":"radiological-assessment-of-238u-232th-and-40k-in-the-top-soils-of-ahero-paddy-fields-of-kisumu-county-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-238u-232th-and-40k-in-the-top-soils-of-ahero-paddy-fields-of-kisumu-county-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiological Assessment of <sup>238<\/sup>U, <sup>232<\/sup>Th and <sup>40<\/sup>K in The Top Soils of Ahero Paddy Fields of Kisumu County, Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3822\" class=\"elementor elementor-3822\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64c1bd26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64c1bd26\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5515bfde\" data-id=\"5515bfde\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23e914ee elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23e914ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19602bf9\" data-id=\"19602bf9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b370d3\" data-id=\"5b370d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-26d831b9 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26d831b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b796093\" data-id=\"b796093\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-14cfb872 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14cfb872\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b0e87f6\" data-id=\"1b0e87f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74082b01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74082b01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Student\u2019s Name: <br>\nMukanda Kere Wanyama<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-492852a4\" data-id=\"492852a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f0a665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32f0a665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supervisors:<br>\n1.\tDr.  Michael Nakitare Waswa<br>\n2. Dr. Linda Ouma<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-34493ebb\" data-id=\"34493ebb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf790ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bf790ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Master of Science Physics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-438d6a8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"438d6a8f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4ee33c\" data-id=\"b4ee33c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67475df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"67475df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4864d338\" data-id=\"4864d338\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-73af14e5 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73af14e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4044aa96\" data-id=\"4044aa96\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3476cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3476cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ABSTRACT<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84e0b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84e0b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naturally occurring radioactivity has existed in our environment since the creation of the earth. <sup>238<\/sup>U, <sup>232<\/sup>Th and <sup>40<\/sup>K radionuclides are found in significant concentrations in soils. These radionuclides pose exposure risks which can lead to health related problems like lung cancer and bone cancer especially when they exceed the recommended safety limits. A radiological assessment of <sup>238<\/sup>U, <sup>232<\/sup>Th and <sup>40<\/sup>K in the top soils of Ahero paddy fields of Kisumu County was done using NaI(TI) gamma ray spectroscopy. A total of 17 samples were collected at a depth of 15 \u2013 20 cm and measured for activity concentrations, absorbed dose rate, Annual effective dose rate, and radium equivalent and hazard indices. Samples were collected from fields at various stages of farming process: four (4) weeks after transplanting (field 1), during transplanting (field 2), after harvesting and land ploughed (field 3) and field 4 where rice farming had not been done for 2 years. <sup>238<\/sup>U activity concentrations ranged from a minimum of 9.93\u00a0Bq\/kg to a maximum of 44.93\u00a0Bq\/kg, <sup>232<\/sup>Th activity concentrations ranged from 56.69\u00a0Bq\/kg to a maximum of 144.30\u00a0Bq\/kg while the activity concentrations of <sup>40<\/sup>K ranged from a minimum of 19.21\u00a0Bq\/kg to a maximum of 217.08\u00a0Bq\/kg. The average absorbed dose rates from the collected samples ranged from to a minimum of 52.59\u00a0nGy\/h to a maximum of 91.79\u00a0nGy\/h. The average AED (in) and AED (out) values from all the samples collected from all the fields were all below the recommended safety limit of 1 mSv\/y. the average radium equivalent levels ranged from a minimum of 168.90\u00a0Bq\/kg to a maximum of 208.81\u00a0Bq\/kg.\u00a0 .The average external hazard index for the samples ranged from 0.37mSv\/y to 0.65mSv\/y while the internal hazard index for the samples ranged from 0.32mSv\/y to 0.57mSv\/y. The findings of the study have shown that there is no radiological health hazard to the farmers and the general public associated with the top soils of the area of study<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-424080c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"424080c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-404bfd90\" data-id=\"404bfd90\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Student\u2019s Name: Mukanda Kere Wanyama Supervisors: 1. Dr. Michael Nakitare Waswa 2. Dr. Linda Ouma Master of Science Physics ABSTRACT Naturally occurring radioactivity has existed in our environment since the creation of the earth. 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides are found in significant concentrations in soils. These radionuclides pose exposure risks which can lead to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Radiological Assessment of 238U, 232Th and 40K in The Top Soils of Ahero Paddy Fields of Kisumu County, Kenya - School of Graduate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/sgs\/radiological-assessment-of-238u-232th-and-40k-in-the-top-soils-of-ahero-paddy-fields-of-kisumu-county-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Radiological Assessment of 238U, 232Th and 40K in The Top Soils of Ahero Paddy Fields of Kisumu County, Kenya - School of Graduate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Student\u2019s Name: Mukanda Kere Wanyama Supervisors: 1. 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Dr. Michael Nakitare Waswa 2. Dr. Linda Ouma Master of Science Physics ABSTRACT Naturally occurring radioactivity has existed in our environment since the creation of the earth. 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides are found in significant concentrations in soils. 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