Off Bungoma-Chwele Road
sgs@kibu.ac.ke
+254721589365
Dr. Robert Kati
Office Hours: Monday–Friday
8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
sgs@kibu.ac.ke
Dr. Robert Kati
8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Student’s Name : Maruti Mary
Teachers are perceived as the most valuable asset or resource to the achievement of the primary objectives of education in any Kenyan school. Just like employees in other institutions, their professional conduct should be given due consideration if the school has to meet the strategic goals. Mentorship has throughout the annals been the guiding light towards growth, wisdom and enlightenment.
Student’s Name : Okadie Zilpah Amentono
Music is one of the compulsory learning areas introduced in primary schools in Kenya under the Competency-Based Curriculum. It has three strands which are Performance, Creating and composing and Listening, responding and appreciation. This study sought to investigate music pedagogy and Grade Four learners’ acquisition of 21st Century learning skills in public primary schools in Bungoma County.
Student’s Name : Machiva Yusuf Wafula
The Government of Kenya’s one hundred percent transition policy, implemented in 2018, significantly increased secondary school enrollment but raised concerns about instructional quality in resource-constrained environments. This study investigated the influence of this policy on classroom instructional practices in public day secondary schools in Western Region, Kenya, specifically examining Kakamega, Bungoma, Busia, and Vihiga counties.
Student’s Name : Wekesa Nafula Gladys
Millions of children world over, are deprived of their right to education and among them teen mothers’ exclusion. Thus, Kenya government responded to issue of learner exclusion especially teen mothers by formulating re-entry policy that allows teen mothers retention in schools. The statistics indicate that teen mothers’ failure to return to school lower their chances of employment opportunities and make them more vulnerable.
Student’s Name : Kivaze Julius
Despite the crucial role that school managements play, there has not been much effort put into improving the effectiveness of service delivery for a very long time. ICT integration for effective administration and management has received little to no focus in Kenya’s public learning institutions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of information communication technology resources utilization on management of teenage pregnancy in public day secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia County.
Student’s Name : Ekitoe Paul
Ensuring that refugees in camps receive a high-quality education is essential to ensuring both social and economic growth in the host nations after repatriation and resettlement. There have long been barriers to student enrollment at the Kakuma camp and Kalobeyei integrated settlement, despite tenacious efforts by state and non-state actors at the international and national levels as well as stakeholders like the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, among others. Several refugee students at Kakuma Camp and Kalobeyei integrated settlement do not enroll in secondary education.
Student’s Name : Barasa, Moses Wafula
Management of school resources plays an important role in influencing the learning outcomes of the junior schools in Turkana County. These resources are the basic requirements that need to be availed to make the teaching and learning process effective and beneficial to learners’ achievement of the envisioned competencies that define the learning outcome. And therefore, management aspect of the teaching and learning resources mark a critical element for student success in their studies.
Student’s Name : Sirengo Margaret Nasambu
Parental factors are central to a child’s educational journey because parents are the first and most consistent influencers in a child’s life. Understanding these factors helps educators and policymakers identify barriers to academic success and design targeted interventions to support learners more effectively. This study investigated the influence of parental factors on students’ academic behaviour in public secondary schools in Kiminini Sub-County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Musunza Samwel Mwathime
Strategic planning is a critical management tool for enhancing organizational effectiveness in public secondary schools. In Kenya, the Ministry of Education mandates all public schools to develop and implement strategic plans to guide improvement. This study examined the influence of strategic planning on teacher performance in public secondary schools in Mwala Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Janet Tuya Pembere
Education is a critical equalizer, and every learner deserves quality, differentiated instruction. Kenya’s Competency-Based Education (CBE) aims to nurture holistic learners equipped with problem-solving, critical thinking, and other essential competencies. However, the effectiveness of CBE depends heavily on Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK)—their ability to tailor instruction to diverse learners while mastering subject matter.
Student’s Name : Matere Sandra Nanjala
The ministry of education in Kenya developed hundred per cent transition policy to guide the transition of all pupils from primary schools to secondary schools. Despite the efforts of the government to implement hundred per cent transition policy, stakeholders in education have expressed concerns that the implementation of the policy may have an effect on the quality of education in junior schools.
Student’s Name : Shikanda Paul Kaggwa Andrew
Utafiti huu ulihusu aina za uchawi na taashira zake katika utekelezaji wa malengo ya elimu nchini Kenya, kwa kutumia hadithi fupi teule za Kiswahili zinazotumiwa katika Shule za upili nchini Kenya. Malengo mahsusi ya utafiti huu yalikuwa: kubainisha aina za uchawi unaojitokeza katika hadithi fupi teule. Kuchunguza taashira za kiuchawi katika hadithi fupi teule za Kiswahili ili kutekeleza malengo ya elimu nchini Kenya.
Student’s Name : Imo Imunyo Eric
Parental characteristics though not given full attention in many studies, are critical in influencing students’ academic performance in schools. The study focused on the effect of demographic, socio-cultural practices, Economic status of parents, and parental engagement on students’ academic performance in public day secondary schools in Teso North sub-county. A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study.
Student’s Name : Sakong’ Doreen Nasambu
The implementation of Competency-based curriculum in Junior schools in Kenya has faced persistent challenges related to staffing, infrastructure and financing. While BOM act as agents of the TSC and MOE, limited empirical evidence exists on how their strategies influence CBE implementation. This study investigated the BOM strategies and the implementation of CBC in Junior schools in Webuye West sub-county.
Student’s Name : Lukuyani Elizabeth Nanjala
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration in schools could change the students’ learning process when a teacher is technologically fit and capable of integrating digital tools into the teaching process. This research was carried out to determine the teacher related variables that affect the ICT integration within the secondary schools of the Webuye West Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Oviyo Musimwa Safani
Laboratory practical is a learning approach that involves various activities such as investigating, recording, observing, examining, and interaction with audio visual tools to create knowledge. This examined the influence of laboratory resources availability, accessibility and utilization on learners’ achievement in biology in public secondary schools in Webuye West Sub-County. The study sort to address perennial dismal performance of biology in Webuye West Subcounty. Biology subject is key to entry in to careers related to health sciences.
Student’s Name : Owuor Mary-Erronie Ayoo
Contextualized learning resources played a crucial role in developing language skills, particularly in oral, listening, writing, and reading. These resources enhanced students’ understanding by linking lessons to their daily experiences and cultural contexts. However, learners in Bungoma County faced challenges in acquiring reading skills due to inadequate teaching materials. This study investigated the use of contextualized learning resources in enhancing reading skills among Grade Three pupils in Bungoma South Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Nyangweta Mogiti Delphine
Early childhood education in Kenya provides the initial step in a child’s formal education and can greatly influence their understanding of education as a vital human need. In Kenya, early childhood education is considered the foundation and most significant level of formal education. The study was conducted to establish the effect of instructional resources on learners’ academic achievements in early childhood education in Busia County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Nyongesa Phylis Nafula
Gender mainstreaming has been central to the development agenda for advancing gender equality globally for nearly three decades. Publications on gender mainstreaming have increased, primarily from authors with European and USA academic affiliations and funding. Gender disparities in Early Childhood Education in Bungoma County are deeply rooted in socio-economic and cultural factors, hindering equitable education for all children.
Student’s Name : Nabibia Hellen
Caregivers play a crucial role in early childhood development, significantly influencing children’s cognitive, social, and creative growth through their interactions and engagement. However, there is limited research on their specific role in talent identification and development, particularly in rural settings. This study aims to examine the role of caregivers in identifying and nurturing the talents of Early Childhood Development (ECD) learners in Bumula and Bungoma South Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Lishindu Maureen Werunga
Children’s social learning behaviour in early childhood education is strongly influenced by family social structure, socio-economic status, and parental education. In Kenya, economic constraints and low parental education levels limit active involvement in early childhood learning, affecting children’s ability to develop essential social behaviours. The purpose of this study is to examine the Influence of family background on children’s social learning behaviour in early childhood education centres in Likuyani sub county, Kakamega County.
Student’s Name : MACHESO ISAAC SITUMA
This study investigated at implementation of Competency Based Assessment in Grade 6 in selected primary schools in Western region of Kenya. It was guided by the following four objectives; examine the extent of utilization of Competency Based Assessment (CBA) tools and types in Grade 6, determine the relationship between utilization of multi-media instructional resources and CBC implementation, examine the relationship between teacher efficacy and CBA implementation and compare the level of CBA implementation between public and private primary schools in Western Kenya.
Student’s Name : Ishmael Mabunde
Discipline in schools is an issue that especially concerns educators, parents, and other stakeholders. In an environment that lacks order and discipline, it is impossible for students to learn effectively. Thus, order and discipline are indispensable for achieving positive educational results. The family assumes a pivotal role in shaping the early years of an individual. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of family background on student discipline in public boarding secondary schools in the western region of Kenya.
Student’s Name : Wafula Mabele Samuel
Quality education is attributed to the quality of teaching. Teacher professional development is vital towards continuous improvement of teachers’ competencies to yield improved quality instruction to students. Questions have been raised pertaining to the quality of basic education in Kenya. The Teachers Service Commission (TSC) rolled out Teacher Professional Development (TPD), a programme whose implementation has drawn criticism from various stakeholders, threatening its success.
Student’s Name : Kennedy Amadi
Pedagogical strategies of the 21st century worldwide are ever-changing and need constant upgrading through teacher mentorship practices (TMP) that enhance their pedagogical competence. The study focused on the effect of teacher mentorship practices on pedagogical competence among teachers in public secondary schools in Kenya. The study objectives were; to examine the effect of teacher modeling on pedagogical competence, to establish the effect of teacher coaching on pedagogical competence, to determine the effect of teacher role-playing on pedagogical competence, to establish the effect of collaborative teaching on pedagogical competence and to determine the effect of consultative teaching on pedagogical competence in public secondary schools in Kenya.
Student’s Name : Khaemba Naswa Pamela
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of strategic human resource management practices on teacher performance as mediated by teacher competence within the context of public secondary schools in Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives: To establish the relationship between in-service training practices and teacher performance, to determine the relationship between employee recognition practices and teacher performance, to ascertain the relationship between performance appraisal and teacher performance, and to determine the mediating effect of teacher competence on the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and teacher performance.
Student’s Name : Orodi Mubweka Getrude
Learning Management System (LMS) is a software application designed to manage digital learning content, and their adoption in education has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. However, there is a need for comprehensive research focusing specifically on the effectiveness of LMS in enhancing the instructional process in Kenyan Technical Training Institutions (TTIs). The current state of LMS utilization in Kenyan TTIs and their influence on the efficiency of instructional processes remains unclear, necessitating an in-depth investigation to assess their role in improving the quality of education and learning outcomes in these institutions.
Student’s Name : Winnie Nasimiyu Wamalwa
Education is an essential aspect of life in any community, as it shapes individuals and provides hope for the future. Every child and every community needs to be educated. Secondary education is critical to national development because it offers the training required for economic and social progress. However, secondary school attendance rates in Sub-Saharan Africa remain the lowest in the world. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing boys’ progression in secondary education in Loima Sub-County.
Student’s Name : Kunyu Harriet Nasike
Educational reforms in Kenya seek to enable the learner to get quality instruction. Collaborative instruction is a significant concept in the field of English language teaching that involves teachers in sharing expertise, decision-making, lesson delivery, and assessment. The purpose of this study was to investigate selected teacher factors and the use of collaborative instruction in the teaching of English language in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Ateya Nester
Vitabu vya kiada vina nafasi kubwa katika ufundishaji na ujifundishaji wa insha za Kiswahili katika shule za upili nchini Kenya. Licha ya umuhimu huu katika mchakato wa ufundishaji na ujifundishaji, vitabu vya kiada huwasilisha mikabala tofauti kuhusu mtindo wa insha na hivyo, kuwatatiza walimu na wanafunzi wanaovitumia. Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza mikabala ya uandishi wa vitabu vya kiada na mchango wake kwa ufundishaji na ujifundishaji wa mtindo wa insha za Kiswahili. Utafiti uliongozwa na madhumuni mahsusi yafuatayo: Kwanza, kubainisha mikabala mbalimbali ya waandishi wa vitabu vya kiada kuhusu ufundishaji na ujifindishaji wa mtindo wa insha.
Student’s Name : Wandili Austin Murambi
Curriculum implementation is a process of putting agreed plans, decisions and ideas into action by the concerned educational parties. The government of Kenya introduced the implementation of computer studies curriculum in 1996. In the present dynamic world Computer studies becomes an essential subject for students in all learning levels. However, only a few schools registering a low number of candidates offer Computer studies at KCSE examinations and worst of all is the varied performance registered nationally and more so in Bungoma County.
Student’s Name : Nasiali Ebby Vakhoya
The list of countries with declining performance in Biology is on the rise. In Kenya, despite the popularity of Biology as witnessed by the increasing yearly enrolment learners, attainment in test scores and national examinations has persistently been dismal. Quality education involves the process of teaching and learning which largely depends on the Instructional Interaction Patterns used. Performance of learners in Biology in Kakamega Central Sub County has been below average as compared to the neighboring Sub Counties of Butere and Mumias West.
Student’s Name : Wanyonyi Wanjala
The study sought to determine the influence of Parental engagement on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Day Secondary schools. Specifically, the study intended to examine the extent to which home based parental engagement influences students’ academic performance in public day secondary schools in Bungoma County; to determine the extent to which school based parental engagement influences Students’ academic performance ; and to determine the influence of school-community partnerships on students’ academic Performance.
Student’s Name : Mark Kipngetich Tum
Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) have gained prominence as tools for enhancing decision-making and institutional performance in educational settings. Despite the potential benefits, implementing EMIS in Technical and Vocational Educational Training (TVET) institutions, especially in resource-constrained areas like Trans Nzoia County still faces challenges. The purpose of the study was to investigate the selected factors influencing the implementation of Education Management Information Systems in TVET institutions in Trans-Nzoia County.
Student’s Name : Peter Khisa Sikuku
Delocalisation of teachers in Kenya came into effect in 2018 when long serving head teachers, and later deputy head teachers were transferred to stations outside their home counties. These involuntary transfers were followed by numerous detestations and some teachers actually quit the profession because of reasons the employer failed to listen to, such as age, health conditions and family matters.
Student’s Name : June Mukite Wanyonyi
In recognition of the importance of achieving high completion rates, the Kenya government adopted legislation requiring that all learners completing the primary cycle must mandatorily transit to the secondary level. This legislation was famously referred to as the 100% transition policy. The purpose of this study was to determine how the implementation of the Kenya government policy of hundred per cent transition impacted on resources that are key to achieving education objectives in public secondary schools.
Student’s Name : Clare Nasambu Wanyama
As part of their managerial assignments, Principals are expected to play a central role in enhancing teacher job satisfaction so as to achieve the desired results. The study sought to establish the principal’s role in teachers’ job satisfaction in public secondary schools in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Dindi Anthony Nakhumwa
Inequality in the distribution of teachers among schools and regions has been caused through teacher transfers. In order to better understand the factors influencing teacher transfer intentions in Merti’s public primary schools, the current study examined those elements. The goals were to evaluate the influence of teacher attributes on transfer intentions in public primary schools in Merti sub-county, determine the influence of perceived security on transfer intentions in public primary schools in Merti sub-county, and look into the influence of work environment on transfer intentions in Merti sub-county. The research design for this study was ex post facto.
Student’s Name : Nyongesa Mary Naliaka
Delivery of efficient and effective services while upholding the values and ethics of management has continued to be a major concern to the education sector of any government. The performance of managers has become a common phenomenon locally and worldwide especially in developing countries like Kenya. Teachers Service Commission introduced PCs system in 2016 where teachers in public secondary schools and principals agree on what to be accomplished for effective delivery.
Student’s Name : Khaemba Lorna Nanjala
National Educational Management Information System (NEMIS) is the integrated Education Management Information System used in schools in Kenya for overall management of education. Through NEMIS precise and up-to-date information about students is provided to various users. The study’s primary goal was to investigate the influence NEMIS on Secondary school administration in Bungoma County, Kenya specifically three objectives were considered; to determine the influence of NEMIS students’ enrolment on secondary school administration records in Bungoma County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Immaculate Amusugut
This study investigated community involvement in school management and academic performance of public day secondary schools in Bumula sub county, Bungoma county, Kenya. The study focused on community involvement in provision of school infrastructure, involvement in resource mobilisation, involvement in student discipline and involvement in decision making on academic performance of public secondary day schools in Bumula Sub County, Bungoma county, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Atitwa Domitila
The principal of a school plays a very important role in shaping and maintaining the students’ discipline in the school. He/she determines the behavioral pattern of the school community. The principal influences the teachers, members of the support staff, parents and students. How teachers handle issues of students’ discipline in any given school is believed to be influenced by the principles and anticipations of the principal of the school.
Student’s Name : Julius Wanyonyi Namaulula
The academic performance in national examinations in Bungoma East Sub County for the past five consecutive years is below average. This is reflected in KCSE performance as revealed by mean scores of 3.4595, 3.5530, 3.7344, 3.5570 and 3.4093 for the years 2018 to 2022 respectively (Bungoma East SCDEs office). Teacher performance appraisal has been conducted over time with a view of enhancing teacher service delivery and consequently academic performance.
Student’s Name : Beverly Nelima Simiyu
The Ministry of Education developed the Inclusive Education Policy document in order to provide a framework for the planning and implementation of Special Needs Education devoid of all barriers that inhibit access to quality and relevant education. The purpose of this study was to examine school factors influencing access to inclusive education in public primary schools in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Wanjala Reuben Samuel
Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has been highlighted as a priority area for Human Resource Development (HRD) in order to promote Kenya’s development goal. However, the ability to meet Kenya’s Human Resource Development requires excellent training to enable trainees to successfully go through and complete the training process. The availability and extent of usage of institutional resources is at the center of determinants of quality of and successful performance, failure of which may see the country fail to fulfill the needs of growth of her Human Resource base.
Student’s Name : Protus Wanjala Telewa
The frequent occurrence of student unrest has often resulted in frequent destruction of school property and loss of life in some incidences. The study was designed to look at the influence of school-community relations on student unrest in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia West sub-county, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Wanyonyi Protus Nyongesa
There has been an increase of indiscipline cases in secondary schools country wide. In some instances, students’ unrest and strikes have been witnessed. This has been happening despite the enactment of Students’ Council in 2009 as a way of managing students’ discipline. In light of this problem, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of students’ council practices in managing Students’ Discipline in Secondary Schools in Tongaren Sub County, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Evanson Cheloti Wanjala
COVID-19 crisis forced Education Systems worldwide to find alternatives to in-person Management. As a result, digital management of students’ academics was used on an unprecedented scale. The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of digital platform on the management of students’ academics in public universities in western Kenya.
Student’s Name : Noah Munda Majele
Ingawa kuna tafiti nyingi ambazo zimefanywa kuhusu mofofonolojia ya lugha mbalimbali, tafiti hizo zimechambua, kuchanganua mifanyiko na kulinganisha mofofonolojia ya lugha moja na nyingine bila kuzingatia mchango wa mofofonolojia ya lugha moja kwa lugha nyingine. Utafiti huu ulipambanua mchango wa mofofonolojia ya Kiduruma kwa ujifunzaji wa sarufi ya Kiswahili kwa shule za msingi katika kaunti ya Kwale. Utafiti uliongozwa na madhumuni manne: Kwanza, kubainisha uhusiano wa mofofonolojia ya Kiduruma na ya Kiswahili.
Student’s Name : Bulowa Johnson Majimbo
The educational performance of a learning institution is crucial in the attaining educational goals. Thus, the provision of quality education and subsequent high academic performance in school is inevitable for the realization of millennium development goals and the vision 2030. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of school based factors on academic performance in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia County in Kenya.
Student’s Name : Violet Namenge Juma
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health organization (WHO) on 11th March 2020. Therefore, being declared a global emergency, had undergone various mutations, therefore its effect on education was far reaching. The purpose of the study was to establish the COVID-19 effects on Education system in secondary schools in Kakamega County.
Student’s Name : Kapchanga Martin
There seem to be variances in terms of school development of most public secondary schools in Kenya despite there being a policy establishing Boards of Management charged with the responsibilities such as setting vision, establishing goals, developing policies, allocating resources and ensuring accountability. Schools as learning institutions have set goals and performance standards which they aspire to achieve and therefore school management becomes the key aspect through which these goals can be achieved for enhanced development.
Student’s Name : Vincent Nick Otuma Wesaya
Mathematics is considered a difficult school subject by majority of learners. For many students, mathematics is a series of hurdles and challenges-a task made with continued failure and seeming irrelevance in spite of the value that mathematics plays in society. Studies have investigated factors that contribute to low performance of mathematics but little research has been done on factors that influence understanding of mathematics concepts.
Student’s Name : Wasike Nekesa Lillian
Current and emerging technology is forcing teachers to rethink how best to prepare learners for the 21st Century’s demands and challenges and meet the global quality education threshold. Additionally, the recent COVID-19 pandemic and unsatisfactory performance in languages in national examinations have occasioned the need for this study. This study sought to investigate the application of blended learning in learners’ acquisition of English language skills in national and extra-county schools in the Western region of Kenya.
Student’s Name : Titus Sifuna Munene
Instructional resources are meant to build the teaching and learning capacity by creating the suitable conditions for learning. These resources make teaching and learning easier and invoke curiosity, which triggers learners to carry out different tasks to solve diverse problems and progress in various domains. Instructional Technologists propose a wider range of stimulating and exciting materials to be used in teaching to ensure that learners are actively involved in the learning process.
Student’s Name : Zeddy Chepkoech Maritim
Discipline is an important component of behaviour as it defines the character of a human being. In Kenya, a lot of effort has been put by stakeholders to instill discipline among students in secondary schools but cases of indiscipline are still on the rise. The purpose of this study was to find out the determinants of students’ discipline in secondary schools in Bungoma County.
Student’s Name : Phaustine Barasa
Education is an equalizer. In an effort to ensure that the populations in Kenya especially children from very poor households access education and better the quality of their lives, the Kenya government developed and operationalized the free day secondary education in enhancing learners’ retention. Thus, learner retention is a major indicator of institutional success. In these regard, majority of parents take their children to schools with the goal of completion. These implies that effective involvement of parents in the education of their children in schools is critical.
Student’s Name : Obore Assumpta Nekesa
Education is acknowledged as a fundamental human right all throughout the world, and Kenya agrees. Investments in education can promote economic growth, increase productivity, aid in the development of the nation and society, and lessen social inequality. The sector of education with the quickest growth is currently secondary education, which was previously undervalued. Increased secondary education accessibility may affect welfare. People with a secondary education are less likely to experience poverty than people with less education.
Student’s Name : Nicholas Barasa Oroni
This study set out to explore the Trainers’ competence and skills acquisition among Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Trainees in Bungoma County, Kenya. Specific objectives of the study were to; establish the extent of TVET trainer’s pedagogical competence, examine the extent of TVET Trainers’ competence in knowledge of subject content, determine the relationship between Trainers ‘competence in knowledge of subject content and acquisition of skills among Trainees in TVET, ascertain the relationship between Trainers’ pedagogical skills and acquisition of skills among Trainees in TVET and establish the challenges facing provision of Technical and Vocational Education and Training in BungomaCounty, Kenya.
Student’s Name : Kataka Margaret Nyilile
The leadership tactics used by principals determines academic accomplishment. Principals are under pressure to plan and raise academic performance in their particular schools in the modern era of accountability and worldwide competition. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between principals’ leadership strategies and their relationship with girls’ academic achievement.