{"id":5076,"date":"2025-06-25T07:35:33","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T07:35:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=5076"},"modified":"2025-12-26T23:25:34","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:25:34","slug":"internal-energy-of-hybrid-s-wave-and-d-wave-pairing-in-bismuth-cuprates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/internal-energy-of-hybrid-s-wave-and-d-wave-pairing-in-bismuth-cuprates\/","title":{"rendered":"Internal Energy Of Hybrid S-Wave And D-Wave Pairing In Bismuth Cuprates"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5076\" class=\"elementor elementor-5076\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-949c9c6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"949c9c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23419b96\" data-id=\"23419b96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4616f7cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4616f7cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Internal Energy Of Hybrid S-Wave And D-Wave Pairing In Bismuth Cuprates<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ed7e1c4 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"2ed7e1c4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-44414a9a\" data-id=\"44414a9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-549aa61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"549aa61\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e531b0b elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"3e531b0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-523d07fc elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"523d07fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2020<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-15a90174 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"15a90174\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732de580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"732de580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIBU Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2341a5d4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2341a5d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michael Nakitare Waswa<\/p><p>John W Makokha<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b684141 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"6b684141\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb3c37 elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fdb3c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jmest.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/JMESTN42353420.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ace105 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ace105\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bf7d6a elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"5bf7d6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398c1846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"398c1846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42a79781 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42a79781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bogoliubov-Valatin Transformation was used to diagonalize a Hybrid Hamiltonian for electron-electron and electron-cooper pair interaction. From the diagonalized Hamiltonian, an expression for ground state energy was obtained and used to determine internal energy of the system of Bismuth cuprates. It was noted that the internal energy of Bi-2201 is higher than of Bi2212 and Bi-2223. At experimental transition temperature (Tc) (20 K, 95 K and 110 K), internal energies were recorded as 0.4843 eV, 0.010 eV and 0.0058 eV. While at room temperature (300 K), internal energy was found to be 0.9528 eV, 0.2323 eV and 0.1514 eV respectively for Bi-2201, Bi-2212 and Bi-2223. The observations are discussed with a view of explaining the cause for high temperature superconductivity which can help in achieving room temperature superconductivity. Considering this model, high Tc superconductors can be identified and used to model room temperature superconductors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2020 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa John W Makokha VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Bogoliubov-Valatin Transformation was used to diagonalize a Hybrid Hamiltonian for electron-electron and electron-cooper pair interaction. From the diagonalized Hamiltonian, an expression for ground state energy was obtained and used to determine internal energy of the system of Bismuth cuprates. It was [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-list"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Internal Energy Of Hybrid S-Wave And D-Wave Pairing In Bismuth Cuprates - Faculty of Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/internal-energy-of-hybrid-s-wave-and-d-wave-pairing-in-bismuth-cuprates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Internal Energy Of Hybrid S-Wave And D-Wave Pairing In Bismuth Cuprates - Faculty of Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2020 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa John W Makokha VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Bogoliubov-Valatin Transformation was used to diagonalize a Hybrid Hamiltonian for electron-electron and electron-cooper pair interaction. From the diagonalized Hamiltonian, an expression for ground state energy was obtained and used to determine internal energy of the system of Bismuth cuprates. 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