{"id":4855,"date":"2025-06-24T08:27:08","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T08:27:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=4855"},"modified":"2025-12-26T23:46:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:46:55","slug":"determination-of-hazardous-levels-of-harvested-construction-sand-in-selected-rivers-of-bungoma-county-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/determination-of-hazardous-levels-of-harvested-construction-sand-in-selected-rivers-of-bungoma-county-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"DETERMINATION OF HAZARDOUS LEVELS OF HARVESTED CONSTRUCTION SAND IN SELECTED RIVERS OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4855\" class=\"elementor elementor-4855\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69829c47 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69829c47\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f2dd8ed\" data-id=\"3f2dd8ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ab8bd0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ab8bd0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DETERMINATION OF HAZARDOUS LEVELS OF HARVESTED CONSTRUCTION SAND IN SELECTED RIVERS OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e964a67 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"5e964a67\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34892337\" data-id=\"34892337\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7485b873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7485b873\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-77071609 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"77071609\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d6bf32f elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d6bf32f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2022<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-73b41dff elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"73b41dff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732ba39a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"732ba39a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIBU Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7392f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7392f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michael Nakitare Waswa<\/p><p>Francis Maingi<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-10fcfd8e elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"10fcfd8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a9178c3 elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6a9178c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalscientificjournal.com\/researchpaper\/DETERMINATION_OF_HAZARDOUS_LEVELS_OF_HARVESTED_CONSTRUCTION_SAND_IN_SELECTED_RIVERS_OF_BUNGOMA_COUNTY_KENYA.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-731ee75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731ee75\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-663ac947 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"663ac947\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40e7ff2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40e7ff2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20b1d201 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20b1d201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The average activity concentration for the three primordial radioactive nuclides were; 2\u00b10.1Bq\/kg with a range of 0\u00b1 0.03Bq\/kg to 4\u00b10.24Bq\/kg for 238U, 55\u00b12.78Bq\/kg with a minimum value of 32\u00b11.6Bq\/kg and a maximum value of 87\u00b14.38Bq\/kg for 232Th and 51\u00b12,56Bq\/kg with a minimum value of 27\u00b11.37Bq\/kg and a maximum value of 76\u00b13.8Bq\/kg for 40K. The mean activity concentrations for 238U and 40K were below the world averages of 33Bq\/kg and 420Bq\/kg respectively. Radium equivalent varied from 6\u00b10.32Bq\/kg to 986\u00b1Bq\/kg with an average value of 230\u00b111.51Bq\/kg. This was below the world\u2019s permissible value of 370Bq\/kg. Internal and external hazard indices ranged between 0\u00b10mSv\/y to 2.6\u00b10.13 mSv\/y with a mean of 0.6\u00b10.003mSv\/y, 0\u00b10 mSv\/y to 2.6\u00b10.13 mSv\/y with a mean of 0.6\u00b10.003mSv\/y respectively. These radiological parameters show an insignificant radiological health risk associated with the harvesting and use of sand in construction from the selected rivers. This study is essential to the general and inhabitants of Bungoma County as they are able to know the risks associated by the use of sand from the selected reivers in Bungoma County.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2022 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Francis Maingi VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract The average activity concentration for the three primordial radioactive nuclides were; 2\u00b10.1Bq\/kg with a range of 0\u00b1 0.03Bq\/kg to 4\u00b10.24Bq\/kg for 238U, 55\u00b12.78Bq\/kg with a minimum value of 32\u00b11.6Bq\/kg and a maximum value of 87\u00b14.38Bq\/kg for 232Th and 51\u00b12,56Bq\/kg with a minimum [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-list"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - 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