{"id":4846,"date":"2025-06-24T08:20:41","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T08:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=4846"},"modified":"2025-12-26T23:48:04","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:48:04","slug":"measurement-of-radiological-parameters-in-harvested-sand-in-bungoma-county-rivers-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/measurement-of-radiological-parameters-in-harvested-sand-in-bungoma-county-rivers-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"Measurement of radiological parameters in harvested sand in Bungoma county rivers, Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4846\" class=\"elementor elementor-4846\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17a19cb3 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17a19cb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a91e9bd\" data-id=\"3a91e9bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f6003b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f6003b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Measurement of radiological parameters in harvested sand in Bungoma county rivers, Kenya<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-713ba7eb elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"713ba7eb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2656374a\" data-id=\"2656374a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b0eddf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b0eddf8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-721aae16 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"721aae16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-446ba110 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"446ba110\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2022<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-15cf89ca elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"15cf89ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e33b39d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e33b39d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIBU Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2a58df elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a2a58df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michael Nakitare Waswa<\/p><p>Francis Maingi<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7591bc6a elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7591bc6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad2ec07 elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2ad2ec07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/itegam-jetia.org\/journal\/index.php\/jetia\/article\/view\/794\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-15d5e73f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15d5e73f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-52688a65 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"52688a65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4955cf6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4955cf6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f233d25 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f233d25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>samples of sand were collected along the course of ten selected rivers two from each river through random sampling. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K were measured using high resolution NaI(Ti) gamma ray spectrometer. Activity concentration of the three primordial radionuclides obtained were used to calculate, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose rate, interna and external hazard indices and radium equivalent. The average activity concentration for the three primordial radioactive nuclides were; 2\u00b10.1Bq\/kg with a range of 0\u00b1 0.03Bq\/kg to 4\u00b10.24Bq\/kg for 238U, 55\u00b12.78Bq\/kg with a minimum value of 32\u00b11.6Bq\/kg and a maximum value of 87\u00b14.38Bq\/kg for 232Th and 51\u00b12,56Bq\/kg with a minimum value of 27\u00b11.37Bq\/kg and a maximum value of 76\u00b13.8Bq\/kg for 40K. The mean activity concentrations for 238U and 40K were below the world averages of 33Bq\/kg and 420Bq\/kg respectively. The indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rate varied from 0\u00b10mSv\/y to 0.2\u00b10.01mSv\/y with an average of 0.1\u00b10 mSv\/y and 0\u00b10.003mSv\/y to 0.1\u00b10.009mSv\/y with a mean of 0.1\u00b10.006 mSv\/y respectively. The annual effective dose rates were below the safe limits of 1mSv\/y. Therefore, use of sand from the selected rivers in Bungoma County, Kenya for construction has minimal health risks to the inhabitants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2022 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Francis Maingi VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract samples of sand were collected along the course of ten selected rivers two from each river through random sampling. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K were measured using high resolution NaI(Ti) gamma ray spectrometer. Activity concentration of the three primordial radionuclides [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-list"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Measurement of radiological parameters in harvested sand in Bungoma county rivers, Kenya - Faculty of Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/measurement-of-radiological-parameters-in-harvested-sand-in-bungoma-county-rivers-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Measurement of radiological parameters in harvested sand in Bungoma county rivers, Kenya - Faculty of Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2022 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Francis Maingi VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract samples of sand were collected along the course of ten selected rivers two from each river through random sampling. 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