{"id":4834,"date":"2025-06-24T07:36:50","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T07:36:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=4834"},"modified":"2025-12-26T23:49:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:49:14","slug":"radiological-measurement-of-hazardous-levels-in-construction-tiles-in-bungoma-county-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/radiological-measurement-of-hazardous-levels-in-construction-tiles-in-bungoma-county-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiological measurement of hazardous levels in construction tiles in Bungoma county, Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4834\" class=\"elementor elementor-4834\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fca55a4 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1fca55a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70cf52ce\" data-id=\"70cf52ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62cf66f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62cf66f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Radiological measurement of hazardous levels in construction tiles in Bungoma county, Kenya<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71649aca elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"71649aca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63aad0b3\" data-id=\"63aad0b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f38be27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f38be27\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6abb3386 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"6abb3386\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e9ab8ef elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e9ab8ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2022<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-107d502e elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"107d502e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c663c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37c663c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIBU Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-322bd45a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"322bd45a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michael Nakitare Waswa<\/p><p>Francis Maingi<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-14846d98 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"14846d98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1d96be elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5f1d96be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/itegam-jetia.org\/journal\/index.php\/jetia\/article\/view\/791\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-649ff7e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"649ff7e9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-35be5b44 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"35be5b44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e409dc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e409dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ebe2c21 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ebe2c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Twenty (20) different local and imported tiles were sampled from major hardware\u2019s in Bungoma. The samples collected were separately ground, sieved, through a 0.5mm mesh, dried at 110\u00b0 C, weight and packed in a 200ml stoppered plastic bottles. The samples were stamped with identification numbers and kept for 30 days for secular equilibrium to be reached between the activity of 238U,232Th ,40K radium and their progeny. The average activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K was found to be 109\u00b15.48Bqkg-1, 11\u00b10.55 Bqkg-1 and 1574\u00b178.7 Bqkg-1 respectively. The average absorbed dose rate was found to be 140\u00b17.03 nGyh-1 which is higher than the worlds average value of 60 nGyh-1. The average radium equivalent was found to be 288\u00b114.44 Bqkg-1 which is lower than the world limit value of 370Bqkg-1. External and internal hazard indices were found to be 0.70\u00b10.03 msvy-1 and 0.80\u00b10.04 msvy-1respectively. Therefore, the sampled tiles used in Bungoma county for construction has minimal radiological threat to population.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2022 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Francis Maingi VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Twenty (20) different local and imported tiles were sampled from major hardware\u2019s in Bungoma. The samples collected were separately ground, sieved, through a 0.5mm mesh, dried at 110\u00b0 C, weight and packed in a 200ml stoppered plastic bottles. The samples were stamped [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4834","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-list"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Radiological measurement of hazardous levels in construction tiles in Bungoma county, Kenya - Faculty of Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/radiological-measurement-of-hazardous-levels-in-construction-tiles-in-bungoma-county-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Radiological measurement of hazardous levels in construction tiles in Bungoma county, Kenya - Faculty of Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2022 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Francis Maingi VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Twenty (20) different local and imported tiles were sampled from major hardware\u2019s in Bungoma. 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