{"id":4303,"date":"2025-04-24T08:11:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-24T08:11:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fs.kibu.ac.ke\/?p=4303"},"modified":"2025-12-27T00:07:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T00:07:52","slug":"a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazards-of-imported-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazards-of-imported-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya\/","title":{"rendered":"A comparative study of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards of imported sanitary ware products sold in Kenya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4303\" class=\"elementor elementor-4303\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-344df6b2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"344df6b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"ourgoal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4821aa94\" data-id=\"4821aa94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-576e20bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"576e20bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A comparative study of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards of imported sanitary ware products sold in Kenya<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2913f077 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"2913f077\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25369c5e\" data-id=\"25369c5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a274d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a274d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-35c0224d elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"35c0224d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42b55326 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42b55326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-794f96b4 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"794f96b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415ec833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"415ec833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIBU Authors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-409850cc elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"409850cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michael Nakitare Waswa<\/p><p>Peter Nyongesa Khakina<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d6e5315 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"6d6e5315\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a00f077 elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4a00f077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" href=\"https:\/\/irespub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Volume3-Issue2-NA-N.01-1-9.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a36406b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a36406b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a140639 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"a140639\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f58de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26f58de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60fbcec elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60fbcec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Natural radioisotopes are present in all ceramic products used in building construction at varying rates. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. Determining the radiation levels of ceramic items used in buildings is crucial. In this investigation, Thallium doped sodium iodide detector NaI(Ti) was used to measure the natural radioactivity levels (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in twelve ceramic sanitary ware products manufactured in India, China and Uganda imported and used in Kenya. For the studied samples, the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides were 19.5\u00b10.99Bq\/kg, 89.75\u00b14.49Bq\/kg and 405.75\u00b120.29Bq\/kg for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively. With the exception of the average 232Th concentration of studied samples, these results are lower than the global average values (50, 50, and 500 Bq\/kg).Values for radium equivalent activity (Raeq), gamma index (I\u03b3), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (HIn), absorbed dose rate (ADR), annual effective dose (AED), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were also computed in order to assess the radiological risks resulting from naturally occurring radionuclides of the ceramic sanitary ware samples under examination. The mean of the radioactive hazard parameters (Raeq, I\u03b3, Hex, HIn ,D, and AEDE,) computed for every sample of ceramic sanitary equipment was discovered to be below the upper bounds suggested by global organization safe for ELCR which registered slightly higher values.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2024 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Peter Nyongesa Khakina VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Natural radioisotopes are present in all ceramic products used in building construction at varying rates. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. Determining the radiation levels of ceramic items used [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-list"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A comparative study of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards of imported sanitary ware products sold in Kenya - Faculty of Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kibu.ac.ke\/fs\/a-comparative-study-of-natural-radioactivity-and-associated-radiological-hazards-of-imported-sanitary-ware-products-sold-in-kenya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A comparative study of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards of imported sanitary ware products sold in Kenya - Faculty of Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2024 KIBU Authors Michael Nakitare Waswa Peter Nyongesa Khakina VIEW ON PUBLISHER SITE Abstract Natural radioisotopes are present in all ceramic products used in building construction at varying rates. 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